Quaternary ammonium, sodium hypochlorite (bleach) and hydrogen peroxide are active ingredients included in the EPA’s list of approved disinfectants to protect against COVID-19 and considered safe to use on our acrylic screens when applied while adhering to these guidelines: Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: J. Li MAP. broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time. 0000003695 00000 n During each test, 4 tableware items were selected for viral/bacterial enumeration before and after sanitization. To properly identify any significant differences at low levels, the p value was set at <0.0001. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050273.g002. In general, MNV-1 showed to be more sensitive to the chlorine sanitizer than to the QAC and control treatments when it was in suspension (virus stock) and in the milk. The reported values of the viral counts were the mean values of two trials ± standard deviations. 0000009856 00000 n The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. From this solution, 0.5 ml was applied to the inner wall of each drinking glass. Also, the combination of different detergents and sanitizing solutions (especially those containing surfactant agents) should be evaluated since they may help to enhance the removal and inactivation of non-enveloped viruses. The tableware items were washed with 100 ppm of the Monsoon detergent at 43°C for 30 s, soaked in tap water during the rinsing at 24°C for 10 s, and sanitized by soaking them in one of the sanitizing treatments at 24°C for 30 s. The test was repeated for each sanitizer and tableware item. Both Babb and Alvarado et al. Planet, Consult manufacturer directions to determine the efficacy of the disinfectant against the biohazards in your lab and be sure to allow for sufficient contact time. Another explanation for the persistence of MNV-1 on the surfaces could be the drying time prior to the experiment. It is inexpensive in comparison to other disinfectants and it is unaffected by hard water. startxref Sodium Hypochlorite (Bleach). Under the conditions of testing, sodium hypochlorite was a more effective disinfectant than the quaternary ammonium compounds used. Ceramic plates, drinking glasses and stainless steel forks were used as the food contact surfaces. The three compartments of the sink were washed with hot water (49°C) and bleach (10%) after each experimental run. These were sterilized by autoclaving at 121°C for 20 min before each experiment. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050273.g005. The 200 ppm chlorine concentration that was used in the study represents the maximum concentration allowed by the FDA for sanitization of food contact surfaces [34]. 0000004207 00000 n 0000021411 00000 n 0000008532 00000 n All contaminated surfaces were allowed to dry for 1 h and it is possible that while slowly drying, they have formed a layer that protected the virus on the surfaces, resulting in a prolonged survival [19]. The highest mean reduction in the viral counts was 0.1 log PFU per tableware item. The statistical analysis confirmed that the viral counts on the contaminated tableware items before and after the air-drying period were not significantly different (p>0.0001). Asthma is a lung disease. The QAC was an OASIS 146 Multi-Quat sanitizer manufactured by Ecolab, Inc. (St. Paul, MN). The highest reductions observed for E. coli K-12 (0.9 log) and L. innocua (0.4 log) were on the plates. For contamination of the glasses, 45 ml of milk were transferred to a 50 ml sterile conical tube and inoculated with 5 ml of virus stock solution (1∶10 v/v). Citation: Feliciano L, Li J, Lee J, Pascall MA (2012) Efficacies of Sodium Hypochlorite and Quaternary Ammonium Sanitizers for Reduction of Norovirus and Selected Bacteria during Ware-Washing Operations. One could be the food itself. Yes Some disinfectants appropriate for lab use include: household bleach (5-10% solution), quaternary ammonium compounds, and … In addition to this, ware-washing protocols that previously showed effectiveness in removing a significant amount of bacteria from contaminated food contact surfaces [10] appear not to have the same efficacy for the removal of viruses. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050273.g004. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Murine norovirus (MNV-1) was provided by Dr. Herbert Virgin IV from Washington University School of Medicine. As part of a 10 year study which began in 1998, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) collected data from more than 800 food establishments. The mean reductions achieved after washing and chlorine sanitation (3.2, 1.5 and 1.4, respectively) were slightly higher than those obtained by the control treatment. After the washing cycle, the tableware items were automatically sprayed with the QAC sanitizing solutions for 10 s at 49°C. After incubation, the growth medium was removed and the cell monolayers were infected with 500 µl of each sample dilution. In this study, the organic matter would be the food soil deposited onto the table ware items. It was used at a concentration of 200 ppm as determined by a HYDRION QT-10 Quat test paper (QA Supplies, Norfolk, VA). 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